The most common name I hear for the majority of these is 'contingency plans', but they are sometimes called 'insurance policies' like in the TV show NCIS (When Sheppard, Gibbs and their dead friend use one...).
These are basically packets of information that can be found by a codeword or symbol, but only by certain people if they know the code and where to look. They are usually used to find a person who has gone missing, or gain clues as to who may have killed someone. They are used a lot in undercover work in federal agencies apparently, but I figure that they could possibly be of some use to any RLSH out there in case they need to go into hiding or something. So I thought I'd bring it up for discussion as a method of preparation for crime fighting... Any comments?